Developing a conceptual model for exploring emergence - v1
نویسندگان
چکیده
Emergence is a fundamental property of complex systems and can be thought of as a new property or behaviour which appears due to non-linear interactions within the system; emergence may be considered to be the 'product' or by-product of the system. For example, within social systems , social capital, the World Wide Web, law and indeed civilization in general may be considered emergent, although all within different time scales. As our world becomes increasingly more interconnected, understanding how emergence arises and how to design for and manage specific types of emergence is ever more important. To date, the concept of emergence has been mainly used as an explanatory framework (as used by Johnson 2001), to inform the logic of action research (Mitleton-Kelly 2004) or as a means of exploring the range of emergent potential of simulation of real complex systems (Axelrod 2003). If we are to improve our ability to manage and control emergence, we need first to directly study the phenomenon of emergence, its causes and consequences across real complex systems. The informal definition above is indicative of the current level of understanding of emergence. Despite a vast range of accounts in the literature (e., there is no agreed definition, let alone theory, of how emergence arises. Much of the confusion stems from differences in vocabulary and perspectives across disciplines – emergence has been variously described as events which are surprising, the result of non-linear dynamics, novelty, hierarchy and the product of evolution. While some formal models of emergence based on grammars (Kubik 2003) or computational mechanics (Crutchfield 1993) do exist, the most common concept when discussing emergence is that of Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) ABM aims to replicate the complex nature of physical, biological and social systems which adapt over time forming Complex
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